Chapter 2 Relations

cao ( be, thing )
cao ( thing, thing )
cao ( uw(aoj>thing), thing )

A co-thing with an attribute is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a state or a thing which represents a state, and
UW2 – a thing,
where:
· There is an implicit state that is independent of, but accompanies, UW1, and
· UW2 is associated with the implicit state.

cao ( uw, uw )

cob ( be, thing )
cob ( do, thing )
cob ( occur, thing )
cob ( event(icl>abstract thing), thing )
cob ( uw(aoj>thing,obj>thing), thing )

con ( be, uw )
con ( do, uw )
con ( occur, uw )
con ( uw(aoj>thing), uw )

A condition is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – an event or state,
where:
· UW1 is a focused event or state, whereas
· UW2 is a conditioning event or state, and
· UW2 is thought of as having an indirect or external role in making UW1 happen, that is, as some conditioning or inhibiting factor (real or hypothesized) that influences whether or when UW1 can happen.

A duration is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or a state, and
UW2 – a period during which the event or state continues

equ ( uw, uw )

fmt ( thing, thing )

A range (from-to) is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a range-initial thing, and
UW2 – a range-final thing,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW2 describes the beginning of a range and UW1 describes the end.

frm ( thing, thing )
frm ( thing, uw(aoj>thing) )

An origin is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing, and
UW2 – a state or a thing than can be seen as origin of the thing,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW1 is the focused thing, and
· UW2 is the initial state describing the focused thing UW1, or
· UW2 is a thing that is initially associated with the UW1, origin such as the original position of UW1.

gol ( be(aoj>thing,gol>thing), thing )
gol ( do, thing )
gol ( do, uw(aoj>thing) )
gol ( occur, thing )
gol ( occur, uw(aoj>thing) )
gol ( event(icl>abstract thing), thing )

A final state is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event, and
UW2 – a state or thing,
where:
· UW2 is the specific state describing the obj (of UW1) at the end of UW1, or
· UW2 is a thing that is associated with the obj (of UW1) and the end of UW1.

icl ( uw, uw )

An upper concept or a more general concept is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a class concept, and
UW2 – a class concept,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW2 is an upper or more general class concept of UW1, i.e.
· UW1 is a subset concept of UW2, and UW1 inherits UW2’s property.

ins ( do, concrete thing )

An instrument is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event, and
UW2 – a concrete thing,
where:
· UW2 specifies the concrete thing that is used in order to make UW1 happen.

· An instrument is different from man in that man describes an event as a whole, whereas ins characterizes one of the components of the event: the use of the instrument. And, a manner is an abstract thing whereas an instrument is a concrete thing.
· An instrument is different from met in that met is used for abstract things (abstract means or methods), whereas ins is used for concrete things.

int ( uw, uw )

An intersection is taken between:
UW1 – a class concept, and
UW2 – another class concept,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW1 and UW2 have common instances.

· An intersection is different from and and or in that as a logical operator and makes a union, or makes differences, whereas int makes an intersection.

iof ( uw, uw )

A class concept is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an instance, and
UW2 – a class concept,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW2 is a class concept that UW1 belongs to, i.e.
· UW1 is an instance of UW2, and UW1 inherits UW2’s property.

man ( be, how )
man ( do, how )
man ( occur, how )
man ( uw(aoj>thing), how )

A “manner” is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a manner,
where:
· UW1 is done or exists in a way characterized by UW2.

· A manner is different from ins or met in that ins describes how an event is carried out in terms of the instruments, met describes how an event is carried out in terms of the component steps of the event, whereas man describes other quantitative or qualitative characteristics of the event as a whole.

met ( do, abstract thing )
met ( do, do )

A “method or means” is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an action, and
UW2 – an abstract thing or an action,
where:
· UW2 specifies the abstract thing used or the steps carried out in order to make UW1 happen.

· A method or means is different from man in that man describes an event as a whole, whereas met characterizes the component steps or procedures of an action.
· A method or means is different from ins in that met is used for abstract things (abstract means or methods), whereas ins is used for concrete things

mod ( thing, thing )
mod ( thing, uw(mod<thing) )

A “modification” is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing, and
UW2 – a restriction or a thing,
where:
· UW1 is the focused thing to be restricted by UW2, and
· UW2 is a restriction or a thing that restricts UW1 in some way.
· When UW2 is a set of UNL expressions of a clause or an phrase, this phrase or clause must be the concrete content of UW1. In this case the whole UNL expression of the phrase or clause must be expressed in a scope and will be treated as a NOMINAL concept.

· A modification is different from aoj in that aoj indicates a thing that is in a state or has some characteristic, whereas mod merely indicates a restriction of the focused thing, which might indirectly suggest some characteristics of the thing described.
· A modification is different from man in that man describes a way to carry out an event or the characteristics of a state, whereas mod restricts a thing

nam ( thing, name(icl>mark) )

A name is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing, and
UW2 – a string used as a name,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW2 is a name of UW1.

obj ( be, thing )
obj ( do, thing )
obj ( occur, thing )
obj ( event(icl>abstract thing), thing )
obj ( uw(aoj>thing,obj>thing), thing )

An affected thing is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a thing,
where:
· UW2 is thought of as directly affected by an event or state.

· An affected thing is different from cob in that obj is in focus, whereas cob is related to a second, non-focused implicit event or state.

opl ( do(agt>thing,obj>thing,opl>thing), thing )
opl ( occur(obj>thing,opl>thing), thing )

An affected place is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event, and
UW2 – a place or thing defining a place,
where:
· UW2 is a place that is seen as being affected by the event.

· An affected place is different from obj and cob in that what is affected by the event is a place rather than other kinds of things.
· An affected place is different from plc in that an affected place is directly by the event, while the physical and logical place (plc) defines the environment in which the event happens.

or ( uw, uw )

A disjunction is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a concept, and
UW2 – a concept,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· Some description is true for either UW1 or UW2 (but not both), or
· Some description is true for either UW1 or UW2 (and perhaps both).

· A disjunction is different from a conjunction in that the items of disjunction are grouped in order to say that something is true for one or the other, whereas in a conjunction they are grouped to say that the same is true for both.  A disjunction in formal logic permits three situations for it to be true:  1) it is true for UW1, 2) it is true for UW2, and 3) it is true for both. On the other hand, a conjunction only permits the third situation.
· A disjunction is different from and and int in that as a logical operator int makes an intersection, or makes differences, whereas and makes a union.

per ( thing, thing )

A proportion, rate or distribution is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a quantity, and
UW2 – a quantity, or a thing seen as a quantity,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW1 and UW2 form a proportion, where UW1 is the numerator and UW2 is the denominator, or
· UW2 is the basis or unit for understanding UW1, or
· Each UW expresses a different dimension, of size, for example.

plc ( be, place(icl>thing) )
plc ( do, place(icl>thing) )
plc ( occur, place(icl>thing) )
plc ( thing, place(icl>thing) )
plc ( uw(aoj>thing), place(icl>thing) )

A place is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event, a state, or a thing, and
UW2 – a place or thing understood as a place.

· A place is different from plf and plt or src and gol in that plc describes a place with respect to an event as a whole, whereas these other relations describe the position with respect to parts of an event.
· A place is different from opl in that plc is not seen as being affected by an event but merely as a reference point for characterizing it, whereas opl is seen as being affected

plf ( be, place(icl>thing) )
plf ( do, place(icl>thing) )
plf ( occur, place(icl>thing) )
plf ( uw(aoj>thing), place(icl>thing) )

An “initial place” (or “place-from”) is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a place or thing defining a place,
where:
· UW2 is the specific place where UW1 started, or
· UW2 is the specific place from where UW1 is true.

· An initial place is different from plc in that plc describes events or states taken as a whole, whereas plf describes only the initial part of an event or state.
· An initial place is different from plt in that plt describes the final part of an event or state, whereas plf describes the initial part of an event or state.
· An initial place is different from src in that plf describes the place where the event began, whereas src describes the initial state of the object.

plt ( be, place(icl>thing) )
plt ( do, place(icl>thing) )
plt ( occur, place(icl>thing) )
plt ( uw(aoj>thing), place(icl>thing) )

A final place is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a place or thing defining a place,
where:
· UW2 is the specific place where UW1 ended, or
· UW2 is the specific place where UW2 becomes false.

· A final place is different from plc in that plc describes events or states taken as a whole, whereas plt describes only the final part of an event.
· A final place is different from plf in that plt describes the final part of an event or state, whereas plf describes the initial part of an event.
· A final place is different from gol in that plt describes the place where an event or state ended, whereas gol describes the final state of the object.

pof ( thing, thing )

Part-of is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a partial thing, and
UW2 – a whole thing,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW1 is a part of UW2

pos ( thing, volitional thing )

A possessor is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing or a place, and
UW2 - a human or non-human, seen as a volitional thing
where:
· UW2 is a possessor of UW1.

ptn ( do, thing )
ptn ( action(icl>event), thing )

A partner is defined as the relation between:
UW1 - an action, and
UW2 - a human or non-human, seen as a volitional thing
where:
· UW1 is a collaborative event initiated by both the agent and the partner, and
· UW2 is thought of as having a direct role in making an indispensable part of UW1 happen, and
· W2 is seen as not being in focus (as compared to the agent).

· A partner is different from agt in that an agent and its event are in focus, while a partner and its event are not in focus.
· A partner is different from cag in that a co-agent initiates an event that is independent of an agent’s event, whereas a partner initiates the same event together with an agent.

pur ( do, do )
pur ( do, thing )
pur ( thing, uw )

A purpose or objective is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing or an action, and
UW2 – a thing or an action,
where:
When UW1 is an action:
· UW2 specifies the agent’s purpose or objective, or
· UW2 specifies the thing (object, state, event, etc.) that the agent desires to attain by carrying out UW1, or
When UW1 is a thing:
· UW2 is what UW1 is to be used for.

· A purpose or objective is different from gol in that pur describes the desires of an agent, whereas gol describes the state of the object at the end of an event.
· A purpose or objective is different from man and met in that pur describes the reason (purpose) why the event is being carried out, while man and met describe how it is being carried out.

qua ( thing, quantity )

A quantity is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing, and
UW2 – quantity,
where:
· UW2 is the number or amount of UW1.

· A quantity is different from per in that a quantity is an absolute number or amount, whereas per is a number or amount relative to some unit of reference (time, distance, etc.).
· A quantity is also used to express iteration, or the number of times an event or state occurs.

rsn ( be, be )
rsn ( be, do )
rsn ( be, thing )
rsn ( be, occur )
rsn ( be, uw(aoj>thing) )
rsn ( do, be )
rsn ( do, do )
rsn ( do, thing )
rsn ( do, occur )
rsn ( do, uw(aoj>thing) )
rsn ( occur, be )
rsn ( occur, do )
rsn ( occur, occur )
rsn ( occur, thing )
rsn ( occur, uw(aoj>thing) )
rsn ( uw(aoj>thing), be )
rsn ( uw(aoj>thing), do )
rsn ( uw(aoj>thing), occur )
rsn ( uw(aoj>thing), thing )
rsn ( uw(aoj>thing), uw(aoj>thing) )

A reason is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a thing, an event or a state,
where:
· UW2 is a reason why UW1 happens.

scn ( be, thing )
scn ( do, thing )
scn ( occur, thing )
scn ( thing, thing )
scn ( uw(aoj>thing), thing )

A scene is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state or thing, and
UW2 – an abstract or metaphorical thing (world) understood as a scene,
where:
· UW2 is the scene that UW1 happens or is true. When UW2 is a concrete thing or place, it is a metaphorical use, and
· UW1 is true or happens in a scene characterized by UW2.

· A scene is different from plc in that the reference place for plc is in the real place that something happens, whereas for scn it is an abstract or metaphorical world.

seq ( do, do )
seq ( do, occur )
seq ( do, uw(aoj>thing) )
seq ( occur, do )
seq ( occur, occur )
seq ( occur, uw(aoj>thing) )
seq ( uw(aoj>thing), do )
seq ( uw(aoj>thing), occur )
seq ( uw(aoj>thing), uw(aoj>thing) )

A “sequence” is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a focused event or state,
UW2 – a prior event or state,
where:
· UW1 occurs or is true after UW2.

· A sequence is different from coo in that seq describes events or states that do not occur at the same time, but one after the other, whereas coo describes events that occur simultaneously.

shd ( uw, thing )

A sentence head is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – any concept, and
UW2 – a thing such as a number, a mark, etc
where:
· UW2 shows the position of a sentence, a paragraph or a chapter in a document or a book.

src ( be(aoj>thing,gol>thing), thing )
src ( do, thing )
src ( do, uw(aoj>thing) )
src ( occur, thing )
src ( occur, uw(aoj>thing) )

An initial state is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event, and
UW2 – a state or thing,
where:
· UW2 is the specific state describing the object of UW1 at the beginning of UW1, or
· UW2 is a thing that is associated with the object of UW1 at the beginning of UW1.

· An initial state is different from tmf and plf in that src describes qualitative characteristics of the object and not time or place of an event.
· An initial state is different from gol in that gol describes the characteristics of the object at the final state of the event.

tim ( be, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tim ( do, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tim ( occur, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tim ( thing, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tim ( uw(aoj>thing), time(icl>abstract thing) )

Time is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a time, or an event or a state that can be seen as a time,
where:
· UW1, taken as a whole, occurs at the time indicated by UW2.

· ime is different from tmf and tmt in that time characterizes the event or state as a whole, whereas tmf and tmt  describe only parts of the event.
· Time is different from coo and seq in that time does not describe states and events relatively, with respect to each other, but with respect to certain points in time.

tmf ( be, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmf ( do, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmf ( occur, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmf ( thing, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmf ( uw(aoj>thing), time(icl>abstract thing) )

Initial time is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a time, or an event or a state that can be seen as a time,
where:
· UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 starts, or
· UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 becomes true.

· Initial time is different from tim in that tmf expresses the time at the beginning of the event or state whereas tim expresses the time for the event taken as a whole.
· Initial time is different from src in that tmf expresses the time at the beginning of the event or state whereas src expresses characteristics of the object at the beginning of the event.
· Initial time is different from tmt in that tmf expresses the time at the beginning of the event or state whereas tmt expresses the time at its end.

tmt ( be, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmt ( do, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmt ( occur, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmt ( thing, time(icl>abstract thing) )
tmt ( uw(aoj>thing), time(icl>abstract thing) )

Final time is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event or state, and
UW2 – a time, or an event or a state that can be seen as a time,
where:
· UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 ends, or
· UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 becomes false.

· Final time is different from tim in that tmt expresses the time at the end of the event or state, whereas tim expresses the time for the event taken as a whole.
· Final time is different from gol in that tmt expresses the time at the end of the event or state, whereas gol expresses characteristics of the object at the end of the event.
· Final time is different from tmf in that tmt expresses the time at the end of the event or state, whereas tmt expresses the time at the beginning of the event.

to ( thing, thing )

A destination is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – a thing, and
UW2 – a state or a thing that can be seen as destination,
where:
· The UWs are different, and
· UW1 is the focused thing, and
· UW2 is the final state describing the focused thing UW1, or
· UW2 is a thing that is finally associated with the UW1, destination such as the final position of UW1.

· A destination is different with gol in that gol is a relation used with an event or a state, whereas to is directly linked to a thing. For instance, “a letter to you” is expressed as “to ( letter(icl>document), you )”, whereas “a letter sent to you” is expressed as “gol ( send(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing), you )” and “obj ( send(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing), letter(icl>document) )”.

via ( do, thing )
via ( action(icl>event), thing )
via ( occur, thing )
via ( phenomenon(icl>event), thing )

An intermediate place or state is defined as the relation between:
UW1 – an event, and
UW2 – a place or state,
where:
· UW2 is the specific place or state describing the object of UW1 at some time in the middle of UW1,
· UW2 is a thing that describes a place or state that the object of UW1 passed by or through during UW1..

· An intermediate place or state is different from src, plf and tmf in that these all refer to the beginning of an event, whereas via describes the middle of an event.
· An intermediate place or state is different from gol, plt and tmt in that these all refer to the end of an event, whereas via describes the middle of an event.