4.12 PER / QUA

4.12.1 PER   (Proportion, rate or distribution)
Definition:  Per defines a basic or unit of proportion, rate or distribution

Example 1

English

800 millions a year

UNL

per ( million.@entry.@pl, year )
qua ( million.@entry.@pl, 800 )

Example 2

English

He appears twice a day.

UNL

man ( appear.@entry, twice )
per ( twice.@entry, day )

Example 3

English

The Olympic Games are held every four years.

UNL

man ( hold.@entry, once )
per ( once, year.@pl )
qua ( year.@pl, 4 )

Comments on Example 2 & 3

Instead of "twice" and "once", "qua( time.@pl, 2 )" and "qua( time, 1 )" are possible to use.


4.12.2 QUA  (Quantity)
Definition:  Qua defines quantity of a thing or unit

A quantity is often used in comparison. The following shows an example of using quantity in comparison. The example is explained in 4.3 BAS / CAG / CAO / COB / PTN in detail.

Example 1

English

the rope is more than three meters longer than the stick

UNL

aoj ( long.@entry, rope.@def )
man ( long.@entry, more:02 )
bas ( more:02, stick.@def )
man ( more:02, more:01 )
bas ( more:01, meter.@pl )
qua ( meter.@pl, 3 )

UWs which express meanings of quantifiers such as “a number of", "a lot of", "any", "some", "many", "none", etc. are using relation “qua” to express. The UW of “a number of” and “numbers of” is “number(icl>quantity)”, and the UW of “a lot of” and “lots of” is “lot(icl>quantity)” for example.

Example 2

English

a large number of people

UNL1

qua ( people.@entry, number(icl>quantifier) )
aoj ( large, number(icl>quantifier) )

UNL2

qua ( people.@entry, :01 )
aoj:01 ( large, number(icl>quantifier).@entry )

About "each"

“each” is not a quantifier, but a selector. For “each” relation “mod” should be used. For example, the UNL of sentence “each country” is “mod ( country.@entry, each )”.

Example 3

English

2%

UNL

qua ( "%".@entry, 2 )

Comments on Example 3

In UNL of example 3, “%” is allowed to use as an temporary UW means “1%”. Using it, any percentages can simply be expressed by using relation “qua”.


Last updated : 2000/09/21